Bassoon - Wikipedia. The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and tenor clefs, and occasionally the treble. Appearing in its modern form in the 1. The bassoon is a non- transposing instrument known for its distinctive tone colour, wide range, variety of character and agility.
Listeners often compare its warm, dark, reedy timbre to that of a male baritone voice. Someone who plays the bassoon is called a bassoonist. Etymology. Even Stravinsky's famously difficult opening solo in The Rite of Spring only ascends to D5.
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A1 is possible with a special extension to the instrument—see . The bell (6), extending upward; the bass joint (or long joint) (5), connecting the bell and the boot; the boot (or butt) (4), at the bottom of the instrument and folding over on itself; the wing joint (or tenor joint) (3), which extends from boot to bocal; and the bocal (or crook) (2), a crooked metal tube that attaches the wing joint to a reed (1) ( listen (help. Bassoons are double reed instruments like the oboe and the English horn. A modern beginner's bassoon is generally made of maple, with medium- hardness types such as sycamore maple and sugar maple preferred.
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Less- expensive models are also made of materials such as polypropylene and ebonite, primarily for student and outdoor use; metal bassoons were made in the past but have not been produced by any major manufacturer since 1. The bore of the bassoon is conical, like that of the oboe and the saxophone, and the two adjoining bores of the boot joint are connected at the bottom of the instrument with a U- shaped metal connector. Both bore and tone holes are precision- machined, and each instrument is finished by hand for proper tuning. The walls of the bassoon are thicker at various points along the bore; here, the tone holes are drilled at an angle to the axis of the bore, which reduces the distance between the holes on the exterior.
This ensures coverage by the fingers of the average adult hand. Wooden instruments are lined with hard rubber along the interior of the wing and boot joints to prevent damage from moisture; wooden instruments are also stained and varnished. The end of the bell is usually fitted with a ring, either of metal, plastic or ivory. Halo 2 Game Free Download.
The joints between sections consist of a tenon fitting into a socket; the tenons are wrapped in either cork or string as a seal against air leaks. The bocal connects the reed to the rest of the instrument and is inserted into a socket at the top of the wing joint. Bocals come in many different lengths and styles, depending on the desired tuning and playing characteristics. Folded upon itself, the bassoon stands 1. Playing is facilitated by doubling the tube back on itself and by closing the distance between the widely spaced holes with a complex system of key work, which extends throughout nearly the entire length of the instrument. There are also short- reach bassoons made for the benefit of young or petite players.
Development. The origins of the dulcian are obscure, but by the mid- 1. A full consort of dulcians was a rarity; its primary function seems to have been to provide the bass in the typical wind band of the time, either loud (shawms) or soft (recorders), indicating a remarkable ability to vary dynamics to suit the need. Otherwise, dulcian technique was rather primitive, with eight finger holes and two keys, indicating that it could play in only a limited number of key signatures. The dulcian came to be known as fagotto in Italy.
However, the usual etymology that equates fagotto with . Some think it may resemble the Roman Fasces, a standard of bound sticks with an ax. The dulcian was not immediately supplanted, but continued to be used well into the 1. Bach and others. The man most likely responsible for developing the true bassoon was Martin Hotteterre (d. Some historians believe that sometime in the 1.
Hotteterre conceived the bassoon in four sections (bell, bass joint, boot and wing joint), an arrangement that allowed greater accuracy in machining the bore compared to the one- piece dulcian. He also extended the compass down to B. Blackberry Desktop Software For Torch 9860 Android. These may have included additional members of the Hotteterre family, as well as other French makers active around the same time.
Sometime around 1. G. A fifth key, for the low E. Notable makers of the 4- key and 5- key baroque bassoon include J. H. Eichentopf (c. J. Poerschmann (1.
Thomas Stanesby, Jr. Scherer (1. 70. 3–1. Prudent Thieriot (1. Modern history. Increased sophistication, both in manufacturing techniques and acoustical knowledge, made possible great improvements in the instrument's playability. The modern bassoon exists in two distinct primary forms, the Buffet system and the Heckel system.
Most of the world plays the Heckel system, while the Buffet system is primarily played in France, Belgium, and parts of Latin America. A number of other types of bassoons have been constructed by various instrument makers, such as the rare Galandronome. Heckel (German) system. Assisted by the German acoustic researcher Gottfried Weber, he developed the 1.
Subsequent articles further developed his ideas. His employment at Schott gave him the freedom to construct and test instruments according to these new designs, and he published the results in Caecilia, Schott's house journal. In 1. 83. 1, Almenr. Because of their superior singing tone quality (an improvement upon one of the main drawbacks of the Almenr.
Kruspe implemented a latecomer attempt in 1. Other attempts to improve the instrument included a 2.
Coming into the 2. Heckel- style German model of bassoon dominated the field. Heckel himself had made over 1,1. British makers' instruments were no longer desirable for the changing pitch requirements of the symphony orchestra, remaining primarily in military band use. Heckel bassoons are considered by many to be the best, although a range of Heckel- style instruments is available from several other manufacturers, all with slightly different playing characteristics. Because its mechanism is primitive compared to most modern woodwinds, makers have occasionally attempted to .
In the 1. 96. 0s, Giles Brindley began to develop what he called the . Brindley's logical bassoon was never marketed. Buffet (French) system. Thereafter, it continued to develop in a more conservative manner. While the early history of the Heckel bassoon included a complete overhaul of the instrument in both acoustics and key work, the development of the Buffet system consisted primarily of incremental improvements to the key work.
This minimalist approach of the Buffet deprived it of improved consistency of intonation, ease of operation, and increased power, which is found in Heckel bassoons, but the Buffet is considered by some to have a more vocal and expressive quality. The conductor John Foulds lamented in 1. Heckel- style bassoon, considering them too homogeneous in sound with the horn. The modern Buffet system has 2. Heckel. Compared to the Heckel bassoon, Buffet system bassoons have a narrower bore and simpler mechanism, requiring different fingerings for many notes.
Switching between Heckel and Buffet requires extensive retraining. Buffet instruments are known for a reedier sound and greater facility in the upper registers, reaching e'' and f'' with far greater ease and less air resistance.
French woodwind instruments' tone in general exhibits a certain amount of . This type of sound can be beneficial in music by French composers, but has drawn criticism for being too intrusive. As with all bassoons, the tone varies considerably, depending on individual instrument and performer. In the hands of a lesser player, the Heckel bassoon can sound flat and woody, but good players succeed in producing a vibrant, singing tone.
Conversely, a poorly played Buffet can sound buzzy and nasal, but good players succeed in producing a warm, expressive sound, different from—but not inferior to—the Heckel. Though the United Kingdom once favored the French system.
However, with continued use in some regions and its distinctive tone, the Buffet continues to have a place in modern bassoon playing, particularly in France, where it is originated. Buffet- model bassoons are currently made in Paris by Buffet Crampon and the atelier Ducasse (Romainville, France). The Selmer Company stopped fabrication of French system bassoons a few years ago. Some players, for example the late Gerald Corey in Canada, have learned to play both types and will alternate between them depending on the repertoire. Use in ensembles. Baroque composer Jean- Baptiste Lully and his Les Petits Violons included oboes and bassoons along with the strings in the 1.
Antonio Cesti included a bassoon in his 1. Il pomo d'oro (The Golden Apple). However, use of bassoons in concert orchestras was sporadic until the late 1. This was largely due to the spread of the hautbois to countries outside France. Increasing use of the bassoon as a basso continuo instrument meant that it began to be included in opera orchestras, first in France and later in Italy, Germany and England.
Meanwhile, composers such as Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, Michel Corrette, Johann Ernst Galliard, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Johann Friedrich Fasch and Telemann wrote demanding solo and ensemble music for the instrument. Antonio Vivaldi brought the bassoon to prominence by featuring it in 3. By the mid- 1. 8th century, the bassoon's function in the orchestra was still mostly limited to that of a continuo instrument—since scores often made no specific mention of the bassoon, its use was implied, particularly if there were parts for oboes or other winds. Beginning in the early Rococo era, composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Johann Christian Bach, Giovanni Battista Sammartini and Johann Stamitz included parts that exploited the bassoon for its unique color, rather than for its perfunctory ability to double the bass line. Orchestral works with fully independent parts for the bassoon would not become commonplace until the Classical era.